エストロゲン受容体α
エストロゲン受容体α(英: estrogen receptor alpha、略称: ERα)またはNR3A1(nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1)は、エストロゲン受容体の主要な2つのタイプのうちの1つである。エストロゲン受容体は性ホルモンであるエストロゲンによって活性化される核内受容体である。ヒトでは、ERαはESR1遺伝子にコードされる[5][6][7]。
構造
編集エストロゲン受容体(ER)はリガンド活性化型転写因子であり、ホルモンの結合、DNAへの結合、転写活性化に重要ないくつかのドメインから構成される[8]。ESR1遺伝子からは選択的スプライシングによっていくつかの種類のmRNA転写産物が生じるが、これらは主に5' UTRが異なり、翻訳される受容体タンパク質の多様性は低い[5][9]。
リガンド
編集アゴニスト
編集非選択的
編集- 内因性エストロゲン(エストラジオール、エストロン、エストリオール、エステトロールなど)
- 天然エストロゲン(結合型エストロゲンなど)
- 合成エストロゲン(エチニルエストラジオール、ジエチルスチルベストロールなど)
選択的
編集- プロピルピラゾールトリオール(PPT)
- 16α-LE2(Cpd1471)
- 16α-IE2
- ERA-63(ORG-37663)
- SKF-82,958(D1様受容体のフルアゴニストでもある)
- (R,R)-テトラヒドロクリセン((R,R)-THC) - 実際にはERβに対してはアゴニストではなくアンタゴニストとして作用する
Mixed
編集アンタゴニスト
編集非選択的
編集選択的
編集ERβよりもERαに選択的なアンタゴニスト
- メチルピペリジノピラゾール(MPP)
親和性
編集組織分布と機能
編集ERαは程度の差こそあれ、生殖器、中枢神経系、骨格筋、心血管系などさまざまな器官の生理学的な発生と機能に関与しており[10]、子宮、卵巣、男性器、乳腺、骨、心臓、視床下部、脳下垂体、肝臓、肺、腎臓、脾臓、脂肪組織など体中で広く発現している[10][11][12]。ERαノックアウト(ERKO)マウスなど、活性のあるERα遺伝子を欠く動物モデルではこれらの組織の発生と機能に異常が発生し、特定の器官におけるERαの機能に関する初歩的な理解が得られている[10][13]。
子宮と卵巣
編集ERαは女性器の成熟に必要不可欠である。ERKOマウスのようにERαが存在しない場合でも子宮は発生することから、ERαは子宮の初期発生を媒介しているのではない可能性が示唆される[10][11]。一方、ERαはこの発生過程の完結と、その後の組織の機能に関与している[13]。ERαの活性化は子宮での細胞増殖の引き金となることが知られている[12]。メスのERKOマウスの子宮は発育不全であり、ERαはエストロゲン刺激に応答した子宮での有糸分裂と分化を媒介していることが示唆される[11]。
同様に、性成熟前のメスのERKOマウスの卵巣の発生は野生型とほぼ区別できない。しかしながら、成熟につれて卵巣には生理と機能の双方で異常な表現型がみられるようになる[11][13]。具体的には、メスのERKOマウスでは出血性の卵胞嚢胞を含む肥大した卵巣が発生し、また黄体を欠き、排卵は起こってない[10][11][13]。この成体の卵巣の表現型は、ERαが存在しない場合にはエストロゲンが視床下部へのネガティブフィードバックを行うことができず、慢性的な黄体形成ホルモン値の上昇と恒常的な卵巣刺激が引き起こされることを示唆している[11]。これらの結果は、ERαが卵巣の莢膜細胞や間質細胞を介したエストロゲン駆動の成熟に加えて、視床下部においても重要な役割を果たしていることを明らかにしている[11]。
男性器
編集ERαは男性器の成熟と維持にも同様に重要であり、ERKOマウスは不妊で精巣のサイズが小さい[10][13]。ERKOマウスでは、精細管や精上皮などの精巣構造の完全性が経時的にに低下する[10][11]。さらに、オスのERKOマウスの生殖能力は精子形成障害、交尾器官や射精反応の喪失といった性生理や性行動の異常によって妨げられる[10][11]。
乳腺
編集エストロゲンによるERαの刺激は、乳房組織で細胞増殖を刺激することが知られている[12]。ERαはエストロゲンに対する乳腺の応答を媒介することで、思春期における成体表現型の発生を担うと考えられている[13]。この役割はメスのERKOマウスでみられる異常と一致しており、ERKOマウスでは乳管は性成熟前の長さ以上に成長することはなく、授乳のための構造は発生しない[11]。その結果、授乳やプロラクチンの放出といった乳腺の機能が大きく損なわれる[13]。
骨
編集骨におけるERαの発現は中程度であるが、骨の完全性の維持を担っていることが知られている[12][13]。エストロゲンによるERαの刺激は上皮成長因子やIGF-1などの成長因子の放出を開始し、骨の発生と維持を調節している可能性がある[11][13]。オスとメスのERKOマウスでは、骨の長さとサイズが低下する[11][13]。
脳
編集ERαを介したエストロゲン刺激は、シナプス形成やシナプス可塑性など、中枢神経発生のさまざまな側面を担っているようである[13]。脳では、ERαは視床下部、視索前野、弓状核に存在する。これら3つの領域は全て生殖行動と関連付けられており、マウスの脳の男性化はERαの機能を介して行われているようである[10][13]。さらに、精神病理や神経変性疾患モデルの研究からは、脳におけるエストロゲンの神経保護作用はエストロゲン受容体によって媒介されていることが示唆されている[10][12]。また、ERαは弓状核や前腹側室周囲核の神経細胞でキスペプチンの発現を増加させることで、脳での性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン(GnRH)と黄体形成ホルモン(LH)分泌に対するエストロゲンのポジティブフィードバック効果を媒介しているようである[14][15]。古典的研究ではエストロゲンのネガティブフィードバック効果もERαを介して作動していることが示唆されているが、キスペプチン発現神経細胞でERαを欠くメスマウスもある程度のネガティブフィードバック応答を示し続ける[16]。
臨床的意義
編集エストロゲン不応症は、ERαがエストロゲン感受性を喪失する欠陥によって特徴づけられる、極めて稀な疾患である[17][18][19][20]。女性の臨床症状としては、乳房の発達やその他の思春期にみられる第二次性徴の欠如、子宮発育不全、原発性無月経、肥大した多嚢胞性卵巣やそれに関連した下腹部の痛み、軽度のアンドロゲン過剰症(ニキビとして表出する)、骨成熟の遅れや骨のターンオーバーの増加などが観察される[20]。男性の臨床症状としては、骨端軟骨閉鎖の欠如、高身長、骨粗鬆症、精子の生存率の低下などが報告されている[19]。どちらの場合も、外因性のエストロゲン補充療法に対しては高用量であっても全く感受性を示さない[19][20]。
コアクチベーター
編集ERαのコアクチベーターとしては次のようなものがある。
相互作用
編集ERαは次に挙げる因子と相互作用することが示されている。
- AKAP13[29]
- AHR[30][31]
- BRCA1[32][33][34][35]
- CAV1[36]
- CCNC[37]
- CDC25B[38]
- CEBPB[39][40]
- COBRA1[41]
- NR2F1[42]
- CREBBP[35][43]
- CRSP3[37]
- CCND1[44]
- DDX17[45]
- DDX5[45][46]
- DNTTIP2[47]
- EP300[35][37][48]
- ESR2[49][50]
- FOXO1[51]
- GREB1[52]
- GTF2H1[53]
- HSPA1A[54]
- HSPA8[54]
- HSP90AA1[55][56]
- Isl1[57]
- JARID1A[58]
- MVP[59]
- MED1[37][60]
- MED12[37]
- MED14[37]
- MED16[37]
- MED24[37][60]
- MED6[37]
- MGMT[61]
- MNAT1[62]
- MTA1[63][64]
- NCOA1[37][43][45][65][66]
- NCOA2[45][60][67][68][69]
- NCOA3[45][70][71]
- NCOA6[72][73]
- NRIP1[74][75][76]
- PDLIM1[77]
- POU4F1[78]
- POU4F2[78]
- PRDM2[79]
- PRMT2[80]
- RBM39[81]
- RNF12[77]
- SAFB[82][83]
- SAFB2[84]
- SHC1[85]
- SHP[86][87]
- SMARCA4[65][88]
- SMARCE1[89]
- SRA1[45]
- Src[61][90][91][92]
- TR2[93]
- TR4[94]
- TDG[95]
- TRIM24[75][96]
- XBP1[97]
出典
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